Mr. Guch's Handy Checklist for figuring out what type of reaction is taking place: Follow this series of questions. When you can answer "yes" to a question, then stop!
1) Does your reaction have oxygen as one of it's reactants and carbon dioxide and water as products? If yes, then it's a combustion reaction
2) Does your reaction have two (or more) chemicals combining to form one chemical? If yes, then it's a synthesis reaction
3) Does your reaction have one large molecule falling apart to make several small ones? If yes, then it's a decomposition reaction
4) Does your reaction have any molecules that contain only one element? If yes, then it's a single displacement reaction
5) Does your reaction have water as one of the products? If yes, then it's an acid-base reaction
6) If you haven't answered "yes" to any of the questions above, then you've got a double displacement reaction
How is this reaction occuring? What is speeding up this reaction?
Temperature
Light sticks lab
watch the movie
Compare the cold, room temp, hot water bath glowsticks The glow stick is brighter in the hot water bath compared the cold water
Concentration amounts
At the top of the graph it shows a high concentration of reactants (orange line) As the concentration of the reactants remains high the products that are created are formed at a fast rate, but as the concentration decreases (orange line) the products that are formed slow down (red line) or the curve levels off
Test your self
Why does one balloon fill up with more HCL in this reaction?
Chapter 6 Review
Assignment
Q's p..282-283 # 1,2 (odd), 3, 4, 5, 7
Study for test
Chapter
Assignment/Notes
Extra Practice
Videos/Links
Chapter 7 - The atomic theory explains radioactivity.
X-rays are basically the same thing as visible light rays. Both are wavelike forms of electromagnetic energy carried by particles called photons (see How Light Works for details). The difference between X-rays and visible light rays is the energy level of the individual photons. This is also expressed as the wavelength of the rays.
Our eyes are sensitive to the particular wavelength of visible light, but not to the shorter wavelength of higher energy X-ray waves or the longer wavelength of the lower energy radio waves.
Visible light photons and X-ray photons are both produced by the movement of electrons in atoms. Electrons occupy different energy levels, or orbitals, around an atom's nucleus. When an electron drops to a lower orbital, it needs to release some energy -- it releases the extra energy in the form of a photon. The energy level of the photon depends on how far the electron dropped between orbitals.
The atoms that make up your body tissue absorb visible light photons very well. The energy level of the photon fits with various energy differences between electron positions. Radio waves don't have enough energy to move electrons between orbitals in larger atoms, so they pass through most stuff. X-ray photons also pass through most things, but for the opposite reason: They have too much energy.
They can, however, knock an electron away from an atom altogether. Some of the energy from the X-ray photon works to separate the electron from the atom, and the rest sends the electron flying through space. A larger atom is more likely to absorb an X-ray photon in this way, because larger atoms have greater energy differences between orbitals -- the energy level more closely matches the energy of the photon. Smaller atoms, where the electron orbitals are separated by relatively low jumps in energy, are less likely to absorb X-ray photons.
The soft tissue in your body is composed of smaller atoms, and so does not absorb X-ray photons particularly well. The calcium atoms that make up your bones are much larger, so they are better at absorbing X-ray photons.
The X-Ray Machine
The heart of an X-ray machine is an electrode pair -- a cathode and an anode -- that sits inside a glass vacuum tube. The cathode is a heated filament, like you might find in an older fluorescent lamp. The machine passes current through the filament, heating it up. The heat sputters electrons off of the filament surface. The positively-charged anode, a flat disc made of tungsten, draws the electrons across the tube.
The voltage difference between the cathode and anode is extremely high, so the electrons fly through the tube with a great deal of force. When a speeding electron collides with a tungsten atom, it knocks loose an electron in one of the atom's lower orbitals. An electron in a higher orbital immediately falls to the lower energy level, releasing its extra energy in the form of a photon. It's a big drop, so the photon has a high energy level -- it is an X-ray photon. The free electron collides with the tungsten atom, knocking an electron out of a lower orbital. A higher orbital electron fills the empty position, releasing its excess energy as a photon.
Free electrons can also generate photons without hitting an atom. An atom's nucleus may attract a speeding electron just enough to alter its course. Like a comet whipping around the sun, the electron slows down and changes direction as it speeds past the atom. This "braking" action causes the electron to emit excess energy in the form of an X-ray photon.
The free electron is attracted to the tungsten atom nucleus. As the electron speeds past, the nucleus alters its course. The electron loses energy, which it releases as an X-ray photon.
The high-impact collisions involved in X-ray production generate a lot of heat. A motor rotates the anode to keep it from melting (the electron beam isn't always focused on the same area). A cool oil bath surrounding the envelope also absorbs heat.
The entire mechanism is surrounded by a thick lead shield. This keeps the X-rays from escaping in all directions. A small window in the shield lets some of the X-ray photons escape in a narrow beam. The beam passes through a series of filters on its way to the patient.
A camera on the other side of the patient records the pattern of X-ray light that passes all the way through the patient's body. The X-ray camera uses the same film technology as an ordinary camera, but X-ray light sets off the chemical reaction instead of visible light. (See How Photographic Film Works to learn about this process.)
Generally, doctors keep the film image as a negative. That is, the areas that are exposed to more light appear darker and the areas that are exposed to less light appear lighter. Hard material, such as bone, appears white, and softer material appears black or gray. Doctors can bring different materials into focus by varying the intensity of the X-ray beam.
Table of contents
4.1 Atomic Theory and Bonding
Text PDF
Read and Listen
Pre-reading handout
Studyguide notes handout
Read p.168-173
Q's p183 # 1,4,5,6,7,9,10
Read p.174-177
Q's p.183 # 11-13
Check your understanding
Bohr diagram WS
Lewis Diagram WS
4.1 wordsearch
Lewis Diagram interactive notes
WB page 60-64
4.1 Interactive quiz
http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section4.1.htm
What do you know about the chemical elements?
http://www.webelements.com/
Bohr diagram and ion WS
Periodic trends
Periodic trends
Atomic Radii
Electronegativity
Trends reactivity
Lewis Diagrams
Step by step procedure of how to draw bohr diagrams
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/201Lewisdiag.html
Step by step procedure of how to draw lewis diagrams
http://www.ausetute.com.au/lewisstr.html
4.2 text pdf
read and listen
powerpoint
pre-reading handout
study guide hand out
Read p.184-193
Practice problems pg 187-188
Q's p.201 # 1,2,7,8
Ionic naming WS
Read p.193-201
Q's p.201 # 3,4,5,9,10
writing covalent compounds WS
check your understanding
4.2 crossword
WB page 70
Writing name and formulas for binary covalent compounds
Practice problems pg 195
WB pg 69,71.71
Writing names names and formulas for Multivalent compounds
Practice problems pg 190
WB pg 68
Writing names and formulas for polyatomic ion compounds
Practice problems pg 193
WB pg 68
Compare Ionic and Covalent compounds
pg 196
Practice problems pg 197
WB pg 73
Writing formulas for mixed covalent compounds
4. 2 Interactive Quiz
http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section4.2.htm
text pdf
Read and Listen
page 202-217
Power point notes
Pre-reading handout
Studyguide notes handout
Read p.202-207
Q's p. 215 # 1,2
Subscripts and Coefficients w.s
Read p.207-215
Q's p.215 # 3,4
Writing /balancing eq's
Balancing equations race
Flaming Lab Tests
Check your understanding handout
http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section4.3.htm
Introduction
5.1- Acids and Bases
text pdf
Read and Listen
5.1 Acids and Bases pages220-233
Powerpoint notes
pre-reading activity handout
studyguide notes handout
Read p.220-233
Q's p.233 #2,6,78,9,10
Q's p.233 # 4,5,11,12,13,14,15
check your understanding handout
Acids and Bases Lab
Formal Lab write up template
Formal Lab write up Act 5-1B page 230
Interactive Quiz 5.2
http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section5.1.htm
Acids and Bases Lab
text pdf
Read and Listen
pre-reading handout
studyguide notes handout
Read 234-243
Q's p.243 # 1,3,4,5,6,8,9,10,11,12
check your understanding
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/183neutral.html
5.2 - Interactive Quiz
http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section5.2.htm
http://lgfl.skoool.co.uk/viewdetails_ks3.aspx?id=586
Acid Rain a problem
why is acid rain a problem
ACID-BASE NEUTRALIZATION
How to write neutralization reaction equations
Formation of salts
Balancing equations with Acid and metal
Metal (sodium) reacting with acids
Potassium in HCL
text pdf
Read and Listen
Pre-reading handout
Studyguide notes handout
Read p.244-251
Q's p.244-251 # 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,10,11
Check your understanding
Organic compounds wordsearch
http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section5.3.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organic_compounds
6.1 Types of Chemical Reactions
text pdf
Read and Listen
powerpoint
Pre-reading handout
Study Notes
Read p.254-261
practice problems p.259-261 (# 1,2)
Read p.262-271
Q's p.271 # 1,4,5,6
Check your understanding handout
Follow this series of questions. When you can answer "yes" to a question, then stop!
1) Does your reaction have oxygen as one of it's reactants and carbon dioxide and water as products? If yes, then it's a combustion reaction
2) Does your reaction have two (or more) chemicals combining to form one chemical? If yes, then it's a synthesis reaction
3) Does your reaction have one large molecule falling apart to make several small ones? If yes, then it's a decomposition reaction
4) Does your reaction have any molecules that contain only one element? If yes, then it's a single displacement reaction
5) Does your reaction have water as one of the products? If yes, then it's an acid-base reaction
6) If you haven't answered "yes" to any of the questions above, then you've got a double displacement reaction
http://www.zerobio.com/rxns.htm
Types of chemical changes
Synthesis
single replacement
Combustion
(hydrocarbon and oxygen)
Decomposition in real life
text pdf
Read and Listen
pre-reading hand out
studyguide notes handout
Read p.272-281
Q's p.281 # 3-6,8,10-13 (read Q#9)
check your understanding handout
Types of Chemical Reactions Lab
6.2 wordsearch
Catalysts
http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/media/Chem/img/Graphs/Catalyst.gif&imgrefurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/data/Chem/kinetics/factors.html&usg=__HIYG7k4WbD0JxVranEDuoDkId_U=&h=212&w=366&sz=6&hl=en&start=22&tbnid=RNIV5nqxykzgyM:&tbnh=71&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcatalyst%2Breaction%2Brate%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
http://www.purchon.com/chemistry/rates.htm
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicratesmenu.html
Catalysts
Catalyst--> speed rate of reaction
Lowers energy required to begin reaction (activation energy) Can just be a form of enrgy
Catalyst added = ton of energy released.
Inhibitor--> Slow rate of reaction
stops reactions so all molecules are not used up too fast.
Check out how rates of reactions are extremely important in real life
Ie. Air bags in cars
http://oemairbags.com/chemistry_that_makes_air_bags_wo.htm
Rates of Reaction Lab
Concentration and reaction rates
Surface area and chemical reaction rates
Temperature ad reaction rate
Catalyst and reaction rates
How is this reaction occuring? What is speeding up this reaction?
Temperature
Light sticks lab
watch the movie
Concentration amounts
At the top of the graph it shows a high concentration of reactants (orange line) As the concentration of the reactants remains high the products that are created are formed at a fast rate, but as the concentration decreases (orange line) the products that are formed slow down (red line) or the curve levels off
Test your self
Why does one balloon fill up with more HCL in this reaction?
Q's p..282-283 # 1,2 (odd), 3, 4, 5, 7
Study for test
7.1 Atomic Theory, Isotopes, and Radioactive Decay
Read and Listen
7.1 Pre-Reading
7.1 Study notes
Read p.286-301
Practice Problems p.291 #1-4
Q's p.301 #2-4, 6-13
7.1 Check your understanding
by Tom Harris
What's an X-Ray?
X-rays are basically the same thing as visible light rays. Both are wavelike forms of electromagnetic energy carried by particles called photons (see How Light Works for details). The difference between X-rays and visible light rays is the energy level of the individual photons. This is also expressed as the wavelength of the rays.Our eyes are sensitive to the particular wavelength of visible light, but not to the shorter wavelength of higher energy X-ray waves or the longer wavelength of the lower energy radio waves.
Visible light photons and X-ray photons are both produced by the movement of electrons in atoms. Electrons occupy different energy levels, or orbitals, around an atom's nucleus. When an electron drops to a lower orbital, it needs to release some energy -- it releases the extra energy in the form of a photon. The energy level of the photon depends on how far the electron dropped between orbitals.
The atoms that make up your body tissue absorb visible light photons very well. The energy level of the photon fits with various energy differences between electron positions. Radio waves don't have enough energy to move electrons between orbitals in larger atoms, so they pass through most stuff. X-ray photons also pass through most things, but for the opposite reason: They have too much energy.
They can, however, knock an electron away from an atom altogether. Some of the energy from the X-ray photon works to separate the electron from the atom, and the rest sends the electron flying through space. A larger atom is more likely to absorb an X-ray photon in this way, because larger atoms have greater energy differences between orbitals -- the energy level more closely matches the energy of the photon. Smaller atoms, where the electron orbitals are separated by relatively low jumps in energy, are less likely to absorb X-ray photons.
The soft tissue in your body is composed of smaller atoms, and so does not absorb X-ray photons particularly well. The calcium atoms that make up your bones are much larger, so they are better at absorbing X-ray photons.
The X-Ray Machine
The heart of an X-ray machine is an electrode pair -- a cathode and an anode -- that sits inside a glass vacuum tube. The cathode is a heated filament, like you might find in an older fluorescent lamp. The machine passes current through the filament, heating it up. The heat sputters electrons off of the filament surface. The positively-charged anode, a flat disc made of tungsten, draws the electrons across the tube.The voltage difference between the cathode and anode is extremely high, so the electrons fly through the tube with a great deal of force. When a speeding electron collides with a tungsten atom, it knocks loose an electron in one of the atom's lower orbitals. An electron in a higher orbital immediately falls to the lower energy level, releasing its extra energy in the form of a photon. It's a big drop, so the photon has a high energy level -- it is an X-ray photon.
The free electron collides with the tungsten atom, knocking an electron out of a lower orbital. A higher orbital electron fills the empty position, releasing its excess energy as a photon.
Free electrons can also generate photons without hitting an atom. An atom's nucleus may attract a speeding electron just enough to alter its course. Like a comet whipping around the sun, the electron slows down and changes direction as it speeds past the atom. This "braking" action causes the electron to emit excess energy in the form of an X-ray photon.
The free electron is attracted to the tungsten atom nucleus. As the electron speeds past, the nucleus alters its course. The electron loses energy, which it releases as an X-ray photon.
The high-impact collisions involved in X-ray production generate a lot of heat. A motor rotates the anode to keep it from melting (the electron beam isn't always focused on the same area). A cool oil bath surrounding the envelope also absorbs heat.
The entire mechanism is surrounded by a thick lead shield. This keeps the X-rays from escaping in all directions. A small window in the shield lets some of the X-ray photons escape in a narrow beam. The beam passes through a series of filters on its way to the patient.
A camera on the other side of the patient records the pattern of X-ray light that passes all the way through the patient's body. The X-ray camera uses the same film technology as an ordinary camera, but X-ray light sets off the chemical reaction instead of visible light. (See How Photographic Film Works to learn about this process.)
Generally, doctors keep the film image as a negative. That is, the areas that are exposed to more light appear darker and the areas that are exposed to less light appear lighter. Hard material, such as bone, appears white, and softer material appears black or gray. Doctors can bring different materials into focus by varying the intensity of the X-ray beam.
Text pdf
Read and Listen
powerpoint
Pre-reading handout
studyguide handout
Read p.302-311
Practice Problems p.306, p.309
Q's p. 311 #1,2,6,7,9-13
check your understanding
Skittles Lab
Popcorn Lab
http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section7.2.htm
Radio-carbon dating
text pdf
Read and Listen
pre-reading hand out
studyguide handout
Read p.312-325
Q's p.325 # 1-11
check your understanding
crossword puzzle
http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section7.3.htm
http://www.nwmo.ca/Default.aspx?DN=e5ed2d5e-0d75-40e1-b3e2-3c67f955ae30
Chernobyl
Fusion
Fission
Q's p.326-327 # 3-6.9-12,15,18,21,23-29
Unit 2 Review Assignment:
Key terms on p.329
Questions part 1 p.332-334
#2,3,5,-8,10-17,19,22-27,29-35
Questions part 2 p.334-337
#36,37(a,c,e),39,(a,b,d,e,g,j),40,42,44,
45,47,48,50(a,c,e),51-63
Powerpoint presentation
Study for Unit 2 Exam on Ch.4,5,6,7